SYNTAX GRAMMAR

CHAPTER1  SEQUENCING

Have you heard about Sentence Structures? When Structures are placed correctly according to their functions , they are referred to as Syntax or the system of rules for Sentence Structures. 

Syntax is an Ancient Greek word, known as Syntáxis , which means co-ordination. Here Syn means "Together" and Táxis " An Ordering". So, this is about its Etymology but we should know that what Syntax is. So, the correct arrangement or ordering of words, clauses and Phrases is referred to as Syntax.

It deals to combine smallest to smallest units of Sentences.

Michael Etinson is known as the father of Syntax and he established this idea in 1972CE. Lucien Tesnière is known as the father of modern Syntax because after Michael , he gave theories of about dependency-based Grammatics.

The major concerns of Syntax include

1. Word Order

2. Grammatical Relationship

3. Sentence Structures or Constituency

4. Concord

5. The Relationship between cross linguistic variations.

6. Relationship between form and Meaning.

METHODS OF SEQUENCING 

Every sentence in every language use subject as 'Sbj' Verb as 'Vb' and Object as 'Obj' in its Grammar but their ordering is different. Here are some possible Ordering if these words.

Sbj + Vb + Obj or Sb + Obj + Hv.

This Ordering is followed by 85% of linguistics in their but some extra Sequences are- 

1) Sb + Vb + Obj .

2) Obj + Vb + Sbj.

3) Vb + Sb + Obj.

4) Vb + Obj + Sbj. 

5) Obj + Sb + Vb.

6) Sb + Obj + Vb.

So as we know that there are 6 possible combinations for 3 different Nouns and examples are done for you in above mentioned points.

Structure 1 

Sb + Vb + Obj.

E.g He loves her. 

(In English , Chinese , French , German , Russian).

Structure 2

Sb + Obj + Vb 

E.g He her loves.

(In Japanese, Hindi , Ancient Greek , Latin , Sanskrit , Urdu etc).

Structure 3 

Vb + Sb + Obj.

E.g Loves he her.

(In Biblicals , Arabic Classical , Welsh).

Structure 4

Vb + Obj + Sbj 

E.g Loves her he (In Malagasy, Car).

Structure 5

Obj + Vb + Sb 

E.g Her loves he (In Klingon).

Structure 6 

Obj + Sb + Vb 

E.g Her he loves. (In Worao).

CHAPTER 2  CONCORDICS 

This chapter deals with the Agreement criterion between Subject and Verb with other key elements of Grammatics.

Some Syntatic rules are given below with their structural form. They are : 

1) Structural Rules 

2) Exceptions

3) Non Structural Rules

4) Exemplar Functions

There is only one Basic Structure used in 70% of English Grammar that is 

Sb + Vb + Obj.

Or 

Sb + Predicate.

STRUCTURAL SYNTATICS

1) The Basic Principle of Concord- It states the use of same numbers of noun in both Subject and Object.

Syn= No. of nouns - Singular and Plural

  

It states - 

             Singular Sb - Singular Vb

             Plural Sb - Plural Vb.

So, 

    Singular Sb + Singular Vb + Predicate......

    Plural Sb + Plural Vb + Predicate ...........

2) A Sentence can be written in infinite words. ( S.K)

Syn= i) Sb + Av + Mv + Obj. (finite)

         ii) Sb + Hv + not + Article + Adj + Obj + Comp. (infinite , maybe) 

But both have same structure at their Origin as

  Sb + Predicate........

You can simply take more examples like this and after you'll find only subject and Predicate at Syntax Trees which signifies the relation and meaning of Sentence in Endless manner.

3) Singular Subject takes Singular Verb and Plural Subject takes plural Verb with it in a Sentence. 

Syn= Singular Sb - Subject 

          Plural Sb - Subject + s/es (or Plural Sense)

Similarly, 

                  Singular Verb - Vb + s/es 

                  Plural Verb - Vb 

Now a Sentence is - Sb + Vb 

So, 

    Sb + Vb + s/es ( Singular Sense)

    Sb + s/es + Vb ( Plural Sense)

4) Every Sentence has its own Syntax Tree.( By S.K.)

 Syn= Let a Sentence be 

              Sb + Hv + Mv + Obj.

           - Sb + Vb + Obj.

           - Sb + Predicate.

           - A Sentence.

     So, it's Syntax tree is -

   

                           Sentence

                                /\

                              /    \

                Subject         Predicate

                                           / \

                                         /     \

                                   Verb     Object

                                   /\              /\

                                 /    \          /    \

      Helping Main Vb.           Direct Indirect 

4) If a Sentence is correct in the terms of both Syntatics and Semantics, then it is said to be a true Sentence, otherwise not.

Syn= i) Sb + is/am/are + Mv² + Obj.

 

-- Syntatically wrong Sentence because these auxiliaries contain Mv + ing/Mv⁴ with them. ( due to Tenses Rule) 

ii) There is no actual proof for Semantics in Generative Grammatics like Syntatics because both are different branches of linguistics.

E.g. Madam drives the Bicycle.

Here, it is semantically wrong cuz "drives"is use for vehicles likes Car and Bus not for a Bicycle. 

5) Always use plural Noun and Singular Verb after Collective Nouns.

Syn= Coll Sb + of + Pl Noun + Sing. Vb.

6) There are many kinds of collective Nouns which are both Singular and Plural. So, you can use any verb Either Singular and Plural with them.

Syn= Collective Noun ( Sing/Plu) + Vb(Sing/Plu)

E.g The Public was/were

      The Audience has/have etc.

7) Origin of Sentence Theory - It states that every Sentence has their Origin with a Subject and Predicate. (S.K) 

Syn = The statement after Subject is refered to as Predicate ----------(1)

S¹ - Sb + Hv + Mv + Obj = Sb + Predicate.

S² - Sb + Mv² + Obj = Sb + Predicate.

S³ - Sb + Av + Mv³ + By + Obj + Comp. = Sb + Predicate.

So, S¹, S² and S³ , all of the above has the same end as - Subject + Predicate.

Therefore , the criterion shows there is only one origin of Sentences that regards with Subject + Predicate. 

8) Fundamental Structure of a Sentence - It states that a basic Sentence can be constructed only by 3 grammatical speeches , that is Subject , then Verb and after an Object (Optional).

Syn= According to the given Law, its Syntatical Structure is 

Subject + Verb + Object.