ASSERTIVE NARRATION

SPEECH 

1. Reportings- Convey message to others.

                        |

                        |- Reporting Verb

                        |- Reported Speech 

                        |

2. Reporting Verb - The Verb that reports message.

E.g Soma said, " I go to School".

         So here ' said' is Reported verb.

3. Reported Speech- When you tell or someone tells about something between inverted commas, it is called speech of Noun or Pronoun.

E.g Shero said to Rishu," We are brothers".

       So here ' We are Brothers' is Reported   

       Speech.

Actually when you or someone tells something , it is called Speech. 

E.g Talking.

NARRATION 

It is the statement made by the subject to one or more listeners. 

E.g i) He said, " Do it".

      ii) Jayden said ," Why are you crying?"

1. Parts 

         |

         |= Reporting Verb 

         |= Reported Speech.

         |

2. Types of Narration 

         |

         | Direct Narrations

         | Indirect Narrations

         |

Direct Speech is the actual words of the speaker and when the speech is said by another person without quoting his exact words , this is refered to as Indirect Speech.

Narration is use in our daily life from millions of years. The main aspect of narration is Talking, Discussion, or simply in funny manner , 'backbiting'.

USES 

 

How to change Direct speech into Indirect Speech ? This question is very common among modern Asian and African students.

So you only have to follow these three process to change Direct speech into Indirect Speech.

They are 

    

     a) Change in Tenses

     b) Change in Pronouns 

     c) Change in Words.

TENSES 

1. Present Indefinite into Simple Past.

 

   →Remove inverted commas

   →Use of Past Tense Only 

   →Place 'that' after 'said'.

   → 'Do/Does' changes to 'Did' .

E.g 1. The Girl said, " Shero eat in morning".

      - The Girl said that Shero ate in the 

          Morning.

     

        2. They said ," Boys play Cricket".

         - They said that Boys played Football.

Sometimes you have to change Pronoun by observing Speaker and listener of the Speech.

Suppose 

1. A said to B, " .........................".

"You" changes by observing B. If B is Masculine then you will convert pronoun as 'He' otherwise for feminine, you have to use 'She'. Same law is apply for 'your'. It changes into 'His and her'.

2. A said to me ," ..........you ........".

    

    If there is ' me ' placed in the place of listener, then 'you' under the speech changes to ' I '.

These rules are mainly depend upon your common sense. 

3. A said , "........I..............".

 

So, here 'I' changes to 'He or she' according to convenience by observing A. 

Examples--

    1. The Boy said," I learn English".

        - The boy said that he learnt English.

    2. They said, " We play basketball".

        - They said that they played basketball.

  

    3. The Girl said, ' My Father teaches me"

        - The Girl said that her father teaches 

            her.

You must know about the Concept of personal pronouns and it's changing rules before doing Narrations.

Universal Facts 

Sometimes in the Narration,Direct and indirect Narration remains same only inverted commas are replaced with 'that'. This condition is simply known as Univesal Condition of Narration. This rule is also apply in Idioms, phrases or Proverbs.

Exercises A

Change the following- 

1. Helen: "I speak English and Spanish."

2. Ken: "Joy often reads comics."

3. Harry and Marie: "We go swimming in the lake."

4. Madison: "I'm tired."

5. Amy: "The boys always wear jeans."

6. Oliver and Noah: "Our smartphones don't work."

7. Lisa: "Alan sometimes meets friends."

8. Andrew: "I really love my moped."

9. Nick: "You have a fast car."

10. Josie: "Your dogs are cute."

Change the Following 

Direct: She said, “I go to school daily”. 

Direct: He said, “He likes computer “.

Direct: He said, “She listens to the music ".

Direct: She said, “I wash my clothes"

Direct: I said, “It rains ".

Change the following

He said, “Sun rises in the east”. He said that sun rises in the east

My teacher said, “Earth revolves around the sun”. My teacher said that Earth revolves around the Sun.

She said, “All that glitters is not gold”. She said that all that glitters is not gold.

Ali said, “Four and four is eight”. Ali said that four and four is eight

Chage the following 

She said, “She works in New York Times”.

Jim said, “Bill loves to eat fish”.

He said, “I write a book’’.

She said, “He goes to school daily”.

They said, “We love our country”.

CHANGE IN WORDS

Direct. Indirect

Will. Would 

Now. Then

Here. There 

This. That 

These. Those

Today. That Day 

Tonight. That Night 

Last Night. The previous Night

Tomorrow. The next Day 

Last week. Previous week 

Last Month. Previous Month 

Next Month. A Month After.

E.g I will come today 

      - I would come that day.

He wants to come now.

- He wanted to come then.

She will come next Month.

- She would come a month After.

If there are two persons taking to each other then you will have to change 'Said to' to 'Told'

For example- 

Elisha said to Mc ," I will hug you now".

- Elisha told Mc that she would hug him then.

2. Present Continuous into Past Progressive

  

      1. Is/am/are → Was/were 

      2. other earlier rules 

For E.g. Shero said," I am going tomorrow". 

           - Shero said that he was going the next 

                Day.

3. Present Perfect into Earlier Past 

    

         Has/Have → Had 

For E.g My Brother said, " I have come". 

         - My Brother said that he had come.

4. Present P. Cont. into Past P. Cont.

        

          Has/Have been → Had Been 

For E.g They said, "We have been playing since Morning".

        - They said that they had been playing 

            since Morning.

5. Simple Past - Earlier Past 

       Did → Had 

For E.g My Padre said," I went to France".

          - My Padre said that he had gone to

             France.

6. Past Continuous - Past P. Progressive

       Were → Had Been 

E.g They said," We were coming".

       - They said that They had been coming.

There will be no change in Narration of Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous.

RULES TO KNOW 

® Plural of he and she is called They.

® Past Perfect → Mv³

Now read these examples for your understanding-

Note carefully the Change of Assertive Sentences from Direct Speech to Indirect Speech. 

 

Direct : The boy said, "I'll do the work now."

Indirect :The boy said that he would do the work then.

Direct :He said, "I am glad to be here this evening."

Indirect :He said that he was glad to be there that evening.

Direct :He said, "I shall go to Delhi tomorrow."

Indirect :He said that he would go to Delhi the next day.

Direct :He said, "I have never seen anything like it."

Indirect :He said that he had never seen anything like it. 

Direct :Bimal said to him, "You should be more careful."

Indirect :Bimal told him that he should be more careful.

Direct :He said, "I have passed the examination.

Indirect :He said that he had passed the examination. 

Direct :He said, "I had passed the examination."

Indirect :He said that he had passed the examination.

Direct :He said, "I was playing football."

Indirect :He said that he had been playing football.

Direct : He said, "I shall play football."

Indirect : He said that he would play football.

Direct : He says, "I shall help the poor."

Indirect : He says that he will help the poor.

Direct : You will say, "I do not take tea."

Indirect : You will say that you do not take tea."

Direct : They said, "We are not afraid."

Indirect : They said that they were not afraid.

Direct : She said, "I am working in the garden."

Indirect : She said that she was working in the garden.

Direct : You said to me, "I have sold a bi-cycle."

Indirect : You told me that you had sold a bi-cycle.

Direct : I said to Mitali, "You misunderstand me."

Indirect : I told Mitali that she misunderstood me.

Direct : We said to them, "We will help you."

Indirect : We told them that we would help them. 

Direct : Reba said to Rajib, "You are working very sincerely."

Indirect : Reba told Rajib that he was working very sincerely.

Direct : Mantu said, "Iron is a very useful metal."

Indirect : Mantu said that Iron is a very useful metal.

Direct : He said, "I can lift this heavy luggage."

Indirect : He said that he could lift that heavy luggage.

Direct : Sima said to me, "I gave you a pen yesterday."

Indirect : Sima told me that she had given me a pen the previous day.

Direct : They said, "We are happy now."

Indirect : They said that they were happy then.

Exercise B

1. Change the following from Direct to Indirect Speech of Assertive Sentence.

 

i) She says, "I shall dance."

ii) You will say, "I am happy."

iii) They said, "We support the right."

iv) The policeman said to the boys, "You have not followed the rules of the road."

v) The man said, "I have lost the way."

vi) You said to me, "I am your familiar friend."

vii) He said to you, "You helped me in my evil days."

viii) The teacher said, "A friend in need is a friend indeed."

ix) Anjali said to her friends, "I shall not go on with my studies like you." 

x) Dipali said to us, "You are not listening to my suggestion." 

xi) He said, "It may rain today."

xii) He said to me, "My brother is sorry to irritate you."

xiii) Jayanta said, "It is of no use to kill the bird."

xiv) Pratap said to the boys, "You have not completed the work."

xv) Rajat said, "I shall leave for Mumbai with my family tomorrow".