FUNDAMENTALS OF ADJUNCTS

1. A phrase that adds meaning to the verb in a sentence.

2. It adds additional meaning to a Sentence.

3. It doesn't affect the structure of sentences

    after removing adjunct. 

E.g He is writing a book in a dark room.

     Here, "In a dark room" is an adjunct because it doesn't affect a structure Syntatically. 

4. A sentence has more than one Adjuncts.

5. An adjunct can be a single word, a phrase, or an entire clause. 

he will come overmorrow. (Single Word)

he will come in the Evening. (Phrase)

he will come after she has had lunch.

(Clause)

6. Adjunct is always connected with the Syntatical structure of given sentence. It only adds meaning to the subject given in a statement.

E.g. She likes the books of her Library.

"Of her library" is adding meaning to sentence and it is connected to the given sentence. It is showing its additional meaning not other speech. "Like of her library" is showing additional meaning to those books which she love. It doesn't showing the relation to other Subject and object. Therefore it is constituent. 

7. According to function they are categorised as-

a) Word Adjunct

b) Phrase Adjunct

c) Clause Adjunct

8. According to semantic functions-

a) Casual = Reason/Purpose/State/Action.

b) concessive= Circumstances.

c) Conditional = show some situations.

d) Consecutive= an effect/Result.

e) Final= to show the goal of Sb.

f) instrumental= to show the use of Material.

g) Locative = To show the location.

h) Measure= To show the state of happen.

I) Modal = To show possibility.

j) Modificative= how action happen.

k) Temporal = Shows time. 

9. Adjunct Vs Complements

Sometimes adjunct and complement seems same us but they are totally different in terms of both meaning and function they are actually the parts of predicate but really confusing.

Complement always show its position after linking verbs(alone verbs).

He is a Doctor. ('Is' is a Linking verb cuz only one verb is functioning i.e. hv).

He is working in a garden. ('Is' is an auxiliary verb cuz more verbs are functioning i.e. hv. and mv.) 

Without 'doctor', the sentence is incomplete so, it is not an object but a complement.

Adjunct doesn't affect the meaning of Syntatical sentence if it will be removed. 

For E.g.

He is writing a book on the table.

'On the table' is Adjunct because it doesn't create any effect to the sentence, therefore it an Adjunct.