SENTENCES

Recall

The sentences like " come here, go ,stand up Etc" , also have subject but here we are able to see only main verb( as come, go and stand ) and Predicates ( like here and up) but there's also exist a subject that is hidden in this sentences they are silent and your subject is 'you'. 'You' is the Subject of these sentences. It is generally used in commands and order sentences, in which we are ordering or commanding any noun. 

You have also heard your teacher to say " Stand up", " Come in" etc.

Why he / she says this to you ? What is his/her purpose? Whom he order or command? The answer these questions is ' you'. 

'You' is that subject, whom he/she will use these sentences. I hope this tip is best for you.

EXERCISE A

- Give 5 examples of these sentences.

- How will you identify Subject in these sentences?

Now lets us talk about some functions of English that we must know when we speak any sentence , we use some expressions like while we ask any questions to someone, we use an interrogation expression and Similarly if we saw something in wonder , we use surprise expression or wondering expression So, how to express these expression in English Language? Lets us take an example - Suppose you have gone to park and you meet someone. So , how will you introduce yourself.

E.g.

I am ____________ or My name is ________.

I am _______________ years old.

I live in _______________.

But suppose , you have to ask something , so how will you ask ?

What is your Name ?

How old are you ?

Where do you live ? 

What do you notice in Second condition ? There are some additional words such as "What , How , where " , they are known as Question words. These sentences , which contain these words are known as Interrogative Sentences.

EXERCISE B

1. Try to answer those questions which were ask to you above ?

2. What are Question words? List some of them.

3. What type of expression we use while asking a question to someone?

Intro 

In our earlier chapter, We have discussed about sentence, its formation and its basic structure but in this chapter We are going to categorise structure according to their sense and emotions. Assume that you are angry so what type of sentence you'll speak?Easy any command or order. Suppose you want to ask something so what sense you'll use? you will use a question to ask anything. That's why according to the needs and spoken to Grammarian categorised sentence on the basis of any person's feeling and Desire. They Categorised sentences in 5 types-

1) Assertive/Declarative Sentence

2) Interrogation Sentence

3) Exclamatory Sentence 

4) Imperative Sentence

5)Optative Sentence.

1. Assertive Sentence/ Declaratives

Any simple statement is spoken or written by someone is termed as assertive sentence. For example 

                       i) My name is Jafar.

                      ii)You are my Friend.

                     iii)We are not learning Science.

Note : It always ends with a Full Stop.

But after sometimes learners and readers categorised Assertives as further of two types 1) Affirmative/Positive 

                 2) Negatives 

Affirmative Sentences- any positive statement in simple manner spoken or written by someone is termed as Affirmative assertive sentence or simply affirmatives.

 There structures are same as our earlier structure.

Sb + hv + mv + Obj .

Sb + hv + Obj .

Obj + hv + mv3 + by + Sb. 

Eg. I am Fine

      He is eating food 

      My book is So Thick.

Negatives- any negative is statement in simple Manner written or spoken by someone is termed as Negative assertive sentence or Negatives. It is not compulsory that negatives always use in Assertives. You can use negatives in all types of sentences.

Note: Every Sentence exist in our world has both positive and Negative form , whether it is a Question, Request , Command , Wish , Feeling etc.

Structures Includes 

Sb + hv + not + mv + Obj.

Sb + not + mv + Obj .

Obj + hv + not + mv3 + by + Sb.

Sb + never + mv + Obj. 

Sb + hv + no + mv + Obj.

Examples are 

I am not Fine. 

He is eating food. 

My Book is so thick.

2. Interrogatives 

  

One day Ron asked a question to Ronnie, " Hey, Why are you here?"

The above Sentence under inverted commas is a Question. What do you observe? Read that Sentence carefully and record your observations. Suppose you are Ronnie , so how will you answer Ron's Questions? You will say " I am doing my work here". So, here Ron is asking a Question and When someone asks you a question in the form a Statement , this is referred to as Interrogatives. When Philosophers observed Sentence , they Categorised Sentences on the basis of - Helping verb and wh-words.

They are - 

1) Single Interrogatives 

2) Double Interrogatives.

Single Interrogatives- statements started with Auxiliary verbs are termed as Single Interrogatives.

E.g. Are you Okay ?

       Is Soma singing a Song ?

       Is Rishu going to School?

Their Structures are -

Hv + Sb + Mv + Obj ?

Hv + Obj + Mv3 + by + Sb?

Hv + Sb + no + Mv + Obj ?

Hv + Sb + never + Mv + Obj ? 

    

Now, I know that there is a Question about how to form a Structure of Single Interrogative. You have to place helping Verb at the starting of the Sentence and then write all other as same as written in sequence. Your single Interrogative structure is ready now. Let's see. 

Don't forget to place a question mark at the end of an Interrogative Statement.

Aff= Sb + Hv + Mv + Obj.

SI = Applying rule, we get

         Hv + Sb + Mv + Obj ?

Another Example- 

Aff= Article + headword + Hv + Mv + Prep + Comp.

SI = Hv + Art + Headword + Mv + Prep + Comp?

Double Interrogatives - When these statements (questions) asks for a long reason to someone, it is termed as Double Interrogatives. They always starts with Interrogative Pronouns(Wh - Words).

E.g. What is your name ?

        Why are you Angry? 

       How are you ? 

Their Structures includes - 

Wh + hv + sb + mv + Obj ? 

Wh + hv + Obj + mv3 + by + Sb ? 

Wh + hv + sb + never + mv + Obj ? 

Wh + hv + Sb + not + mv + Obj ?

                       

3. Imperatives

Sometimes you just need to borrow or to order something or give, help and advice to someone. In that cases, we use Imperatives. They are categorised on the basis of-

Order- When you give order to someone, it is said to be Order imperative sentence.

Example

                 stand up. 

                 shut the door.

                 keep quiet.

[In this types of sentences you is subject which is hidden in these kinds of sentences.]

Their Structures includes- 

1) Mv + Obj/Pre. 

2) Noun + (,) + mv + Obj/Pre.

3) Do + not + mv + Obj/Pre.

Request- When we request to someone for something it is said to be request imperative sentence.

Example

                Give me a pen, please.

                Could you fetch me a glass of water? Please.

                May I come in? please.

Their Structures includes-

1) Please + (,) + mv + Obj .

2) Could + Sb + Mv + Obj + (?) + Please.

3) May + Sb + mv + Obj + Please? 

4) Mv + Obj + Please.

In the fourth structure and the first example "you" is hidden. Why?

Advice- When you want to teach someone a lesson, you have to use Advice Imperative sentence to clear your point. Some examples used by people in daily life are-

You should do your homework.

 you shouldn't do this. 

The structures are not too much important but here are some applicable structures for advice embedded sentences- 

1) Sb + should + Complement.

2) Do + Not + Complement.

3) Sb + should + not + Complement.

Try to make five structures from the structure 2.

4. Exclamatory Sentence

 The sentences shows excitement, feelings and emotions of a noun . Every noun has emotion according to the literature. But in grammar, except not living things. Some examples of exclamatory Sentences is here -

                         Hurrah! the one the match.

                         wow! A wonderful star.

                         What a good news!

                         How heavy the rain is ! 

What do you observance examples write down your observation in your practical copy and record them.

This sentences always contain an exclamation mark At the end or between of the sentences. The structure of these types of sentences and includes - 

 1) Intj + ! + Sb + vb + Obj.

 2)Intj + ! + Sb + complement.

3) What + Sb + Adj + Obj + hv + ! 

4) How + Sb + Adj + Obj + Hv +! 

5) How + Sb + Adj + Obj + ! 

5. Optative Sentence

 An Optative Sentence shows wish , blessing or any desire of a Noun.

E.g. 1) Pass all may you !

       2) May you all pass !

       3) May you live long ! 

       4) Wish you a happy New year!

       5) Happy Birthday!

If you notice the first two examples you will spot that both are same in their sense but their structures differ. Now try to write the example 3 in other way.

Their Structures includes- 

             1) Vb + Sb + may + Sb2 + vb + ! 

             2) Sb + may + vb + !

             3) May + Sb + vb + adj + !

             4) Sb + may + vb + adj + !

             5) May + Sb + vb + ! 

             6) Wish + Sb + Adj + Comp.+ ! 

             7) Happy + Statement.

             8) Wishing you a very happy ..........! 

So this is all about types of Sentences.