PARTS OF SPEECH
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Words can be categorized depending upon their functions. In traditional grammar, words belonging to different categories were indicated by the term 'parts of speech'. The part of speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence. In English, there are eight parts of speech - noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. All the words we use in a sentence belong to any one of these categories. The term 'word class' is also used to indicate a similar notion.
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🔴 NOUN
A noun is the name of a person, thing, place, idea and object. For example, Shailesh, Nisha, Himalaya, Narmada are proper nouns and always start with a capital letter; girl, man, dog, tree, etc. are common nouns; book, pen, banana,chair etc. are the examples of concrete noun; whereas love, patience, hatred, friendship, etc. are the examples of abstract noun. There are other types of nouns like material nouns, collective nouns and common nouns.
Nouns are often used with an article (a, an, the), excepting proper nouns. In English, suffix -s/-es is commonly used to indicate plural nouns. For example, girls, trees, buses, books, etc.
Maya got the highest marks in the class. An unknown girl placed the paper on the desk and left the room. The boy with a blue umbrella took the bus for Surat.
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Practise and Be Perfect
Underline the nouns in the following sentences:
(a) Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of elevan players on a field.
(b) Jane Austine was an English novelist known primarily for her six major novels.
(c) Riya and Rahul arrived at the bus station before noon and they left on the bus before I arrived.
(d) When I was writing the letter, my cat was playing with a red ball.
(e) The lady threw the stone across the fence.
🟠 PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word that can be used in place of a noun. For example, she, I, they, you, me, my etc.
A pronoun udually substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent ( પુરોગામી પદ). In the following sentence a box is the antecedent of the pronoun it.
The man came with a box and left it at the counter.
The antecedent of a propnoun may not occur in the same sentence:
Marie Curie was a great scientist. She won the Nobel Prize in two different sciences.
In the above examples Marie Curie of the first sentence is the antecedent of She of the second sentence.
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Practise and Be Perfect
There are two sentences in each set. The first sentence of every set contains an antecedent that has been underlined. There is a blank space in the second sentence. Use appropriate pronouns to fill in the blanks following the antecedents.
(a) The dog must be very hungry.
It has been barking loudly since the morning.
(b) The boys come to the park every day.
They play football.
(c) Maya joined the team last week.
She submitted the first report yesterday.
(d) Did you see my black shirt?
It is my favourite shirt.
(e) Paris is a beautiful place.
But I have never been there.
🟡 VERBS
The words that express action or a state of being are known as verbs. For example,
Maya loves her mother.
I watched a movie yesterday.
They have won the match.
Verbs can appear in different tenses. For example,
I saw a man in the park. (past tense)
Every day She sees the same milk van. (present tense)
I will see the poster when I am home. (future tense)
A verb must agree with its subject in number. If the subject is singular then the verb will have to be singular as well; and in case of plural subjects, we must use the appropriate verb forms. In English, the third person, singular verbs are marked with the suffix -s, /-es in the present tense. For example,
Paresh plays football.
Nisha cooks well.
Naimita runs a law firm.
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Practise and Be Perfect
Underline the verb in the following sentences:
(a) 'Alps' is a noun.
(b) We are learning verbs.
(c) Mahesh prefers grammar more than science.
(d) Do you prefer exercises which are easy?
(e) Noun can be substituted with pronoun.
🟢 ADJECTIVE
The words that modify or describe nouns and pronouns are called adjectives. For example,
The girl is wearing a red sweater.
Blood is thicker than water.
The broken bottle was found by Neha.
Shilpa is clever.
The articles a, an, the are usually classified as adjectives.
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Practise and Be Perfect
Underline the adjectives in the following sentences:
(a) It is a wonderful morning!
(b) A young girl sang a beautiful song in the program.
(c) The man was looking at a big fat Persian cat through a narrow window.
(d) October is the best time to go to Himachal.
(e) Leonara was a gifted painter.
🔵 ADVERBS
The Adverbs are the words that modify or describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example,
Sejal shouted loudly to attract Soham's attention.
Sonal swam well despite being tired.
They gave us the money generously.
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Practise and Be Perfect
Underline the adverbs in the following sentences:
(a) Slowly she picked up the knife.
(b) Mother asked me to leave the house quietly.
(c) The rain fell hard during the storm.
(d) She hid the key nearby.
(e) The child looked away from the dead body.
🟣 PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word that indicates some kind of relationship between a noun or pronoun and other parts of the sentence. The prepositions are used before nouns, noun phrases and pronouns to connect them with other words or parts of the sentence. For example,
Diya climbed up the ladder to get onto the roof for fetching the hen.
The Second World War occurred in the 20th century.
Please sign your name on the dotted line after you read the contract.
I learned how to ski during the holidays.
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Practise and Be Perfect
Select the proper words for these given sentences
(a) It was during (in/about/during) six in the morning when we made it to bed.
(b) The key is locked inside (on/into/inside) the car.
(c) The children will go to (on/to/for) the zoo if they finish their assignments.
(d) I was born on (on/at/of) February 12, 1980.
(e) It is always cold in (on/in/for) January.
⚫️ CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are used to join the sentences, clauses and words. Conjunctions are of different types:
● Subordinating conjunctions - these conjunctions join dependent clauses to independent clauses.
I will be with you whenever you need.
All the lights were off because there was a power cut.
● Coordinating conjunction - these conjunctions coordinate or join two or more sentences, main clauses, words, or other parts of speech which are of the same syntactic importance.
I have bought a notebook and a pen.
I waited for her but she didn't come.
● Correlative conjunction - these conjunctions are paired words and are used to join phrases or words that carry equal importance within a sentence.
Either you inform your parents or I will take an action.
Both Kevin and Kavita are joining the group.
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Practise and Be Perfect
Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunction:
(a) I like rain when I am at home, but (but/or/so) I don't like rain when I am outside.
(b) Dipti has a cat and (or/but/and) two dogs.
(c) I am trying very hard at work, yet (so/and/yet) I am not being able to reach my goal.
(d) They do not rent car, nor (or/nor/for) they book rooms.
(e) I am not reading the book right now, so (or/but/so) you can take it.
🟤 INTERJECTIONS
An interjections is a part of speech that expresses the emotion or feeling of the speaker or the author. These words or phrases can stand alone, or be placed before or after a sentence. While writing, we often place exclamation points after interjections. Examples of interjections:
Alas! The war has started again.
Aah! What a lovely breeze.
Uff! Why are you talking so loudly?
Oh, dear! I don't know what to do about this mess.
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Practise and Be Perfect
Fill in the blanks with appropriate interjections given below:
👉 Hurray!, Hey!, Ouch!, Wow!, Please!,
(a) Ouch! My leg is aching.
(b) Hey! Where are you going?
(c) Please! Do not make noise while the session is going on.
(d) Wow! What a beautiful dress!
(e) Hurray! We have won the match.
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